Introduction
The Indus Water Treaty 2025 is once again under global scrutiny. This decades-old water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan is at the center of growing tension and legal battles. Signed in 1960 with the World Bank as a broker, the treaty has survived wars and political disputes — but is it still effective in 2025?
What is the Indus Water Treaty?
The Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in 1960. It granted Pakistan exclusive rights over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) while India got the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej, Beas). The treaty is considered one of the most successful water-sharing agreements in the world.
How the Indus Water Treaty 2025 Works Between India and Pakistan
- Eastern Rivers (India’s Control): Ravi, Sutlej, Beas
- Western Rivers (Pakistan’s Control): Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
- India’s Role: India can use western rivers for non-consumptive purposes like irrigation and hydropower, but cannot alter the flow.
Current Disputes in 2025
In 2025, tensions have escalated again due to two major Indian projects:
- Kishanganga Dam
- Ratle Hydroelectric Project
Pakistan has approached international forums including the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
According to the World Bank, the treaty remains functional but needs modernization.
Global and Regional Impact
- Pakistan’s Concern: Potential water shortage
- India’s Viewpoint: Within treaty limits
- Environmental Impact: Climate change is further impacting water availability
Future Scenarios of the Indus Water Treaty in 2025
Experts suggest the following outcomes:
- Modernization of treaty clauses
- Mediation by World Bank or UN
- Technological sharing to improve transparency